Tone (In Writing) Definition and Examples

In composition, tone is the expression of a writers attitude toward subject, audience, and self. Tone is primarily conveyed in writing through diction, point of view, syntax, and level of formality. Etymology: From the Latin, string, a stretching In  Writing: A Manual for the Digital Age,  David Blakesley and Jeffrey L. Hoogeveen make a simple distinction between style and tone: Style refers to the overall flavor and texture created by the writers word choices and sentence structures. Tone is an attitude toward the events of the story—humorous, ironic, cynical, and so on. In practice, theres a close connection between style and tone. Tone and Persona In Thomas S. Kanes The New Oxford Guide to Writing, If persona is the complex personality implicit in the writing, tone is a web of feelings stretched throughout an essay, feelings from which our sense of the persona emerges. Tone has three main strands: the writers attitude toward subject, reader, and self. Each of these determinants of tone is important, and each has many variations. Writers may be angry about a subject or amused by it or discuss it dispassionately. They may treat readers as intellectual inferiors to be lectured (usually a poor tactic) or as friends with whom they are talking. Themselves they may regard very seriously or with an ironic or an amused detachment (to suggest only three of numerous possibilities). Given all these variables, the possibilities of tone are almost endless. Tone, like persona, is unavoidable. You imply it in the words you select and in how you arrange them. Tone and Diction According to W. Ross Winterowd In his book, The Contemporary Writer, The main factor in tone is diction, the words that the writer chooses. For one kind of writing, an author may choose one type of vocabulary, perhaps slang, and for another, the same writer may choose an entirely different set of words....Even such small matters as contractions make a difference in tone, the contracted verbs being less formal: It is strange that the professor had not assigned any papers for three weeks.Its strange that the professor hadnt assigned any papers for three weeks. Tone in Business Writing Philip C. Kolin reminds us of how important it is to get the tone just right in business correspondence in Successful Writing at Work. He says, Tone in writing...can range from formal and impersonal (a scientific report) to informal and personal (an email to a friend or a how-to article for consumers). Your tone can be unprofessionally sarcastic or diplomatically agreeable. Tone, like style, is indicated in part by the words you choose.... The tone of your writing is especially important in occupational writing because it reflects the image you project to your readers and thus determines how they will respond to you, your work, and your company. Depending on your tone, you can appear sincere and intelligent or angry and uninformed.... The wrong tone in a letter or a proposal might cost you a customer. Sentence Sounds The following examples are from Dona Hickeys book, Developing a Written Voice where she quotes Lawrence Roger Thompson who was quoting Robert Frost. Robert Frost believed sentence tones (which he called sound of sense) are already there—living in the cave of the mouth. He considered them real cave things: they were before words were (Thompson 191). To write a vital sentence, he believed, we must write with the ear on the speaking voice (Thompson 159). The ear is the only true writer and the only true reader. Eye readers miss the best part. The sentence sound often says more than the words (Thompson 113). According to Frost: Only when we are making sentences so shaped [by spoken sentence tones] are we truly writing. A sentence must convey a meaning by tone of voice and it must be the particular meaning the writer intended. The reader must have no choice in the matter. The tone of voice, and its meaning must be in black and white on the page (Thompson 204). In writing, we cant indicate body language, but we can control how sentences are heard. And it is through our arrangement of words into sentences, one after another, that we can approximate some of the intonation in speech that tells our readers not only information about the world but also how we feel about it, who we are in relationship to it, and who we think our readers are in relationship to us and the message we want to deliver. Novelist Samuel Butler once said, We are not won by arguments that we can analyze but by the tone and temper, by the manner which is the man himself. Sources Blakesley, David and Jeffrey L. Hoogeveen. Writing: A Manual for the Digital Age. Cengage, 2011. Hickey, Dona. Developing a Written Voice. Mayfield, 1992. Kane, Thomas S. The New Oxford Guide to Writing. Oxford University Press, 1988. Kolin, Philip C. Successful Writing at Work, Concise Edition. 4th ed., Cengage, 2015. Winterowd, W. Ross. The Contemporary Writer: A Practical Rhetoric. 2nd ed., Harcourt, 1981.

Personal Narrative Twilight Trespassing - 1010 Words

Twilight Trespassing There we were, lined up horizontally against my mother’s white pathfinder, being questioned by a rough-looking, southern, angry policeman. My friends and I were told that we had committed a federal offense, and that the chances of being taken to a holding cell were very high. A lump sat in my throat and I tried not to cry. I knew that everything that happened that night was my own fault. This was one of the scariest nights of my life so far, the night that an innocent attempt at making plans to see my friends had turned into a series of lies, tears, and anger. It all started around 5:00 PM on August 28th, 2016. It was a hot, sunny day and I spent all day lying on my living room floor. Life was good at this time,†¦show more content†¦We talked for hours and hours about boys, football games, and everything going on in our lives. It started to get dark very quickly. The sunset was turning into a dark, green-blue blanket across the sky and our night b ecame even more exciting. We explored some docks, boats, and pavilions that we had never seen before. At about 9:30, we decided to go down the trail into the woods to explore more. Allison and I were walking first, while Savannah and Jordan lurked far behind us. Suddenly, we heard an eerie, random noise coming from the foliage and we ran as fast as we could back to the parking lot. At this point, we were more than ready to leave. We sat in the middle of the parking lot where there were no cars, watching policemen cruise throughout the lot and hoping that we could get away without running into one. I texted my mom and asked her to pick us up, even though I said that she wouldn’t have to. She reluctantly agreed, obviously disappointed in me for lying to her. After about twenty minutes of sitting in the parking lot, we eventually saw my mom’s car drive directly past us. Oddly enough, she didn’t stop when she saw us. Instead, she drove further down the lot and stopped at the very end. We ran after her and when we got to her car, we saw her standing outside of the car, talking to a park ranger. I assumed that he had come to talk to her, but I was wrong. Once we caught

Can Blake Be Considered To Be a Romantic Poet Free Essays

Romantism was an artistic movement, which took place between 1770 and 1848. It highlighted a significant change in society. Before, people generally believed in the neo-classic system, which was extremely authoritarian, there was no belief in the power of imagination, paintings were realistic portraits or landscapes and literature was inflexible. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Blake Be Considered To Be a Romantic Poet or any similar topic only for you Order Now Everything was more or less constrained. Signs of romatism were evident in writers such as Mary Shelly and ETA Hoffman who both alluded to the darkly mysterious aspects of life. Slowly writers started to portray nature in relation to mans sentiments (Gray was a fine example of this). This is displaying imagination, as it is associated with the individuals’ state of mind. Rousseau was a great influence in the Romantic Movement, his literature showed adventure and a clear use of imagination. William Blake was an ardent follower of Rousseau and his beliefs. This is evident in his poems, such as The Tiger taken from Songs Of Innocence. In this poem there is a contest between the tiger and the blacksmith, the tiger being a natural, powerful, instinctive and full of energy and imagination while the blacksmith ruins, crafts and reconstructs natural materials. It is clear in the poem that Blake had a great degree of respect for the tiger and this is shown where it says: â€Å"On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare seize the fire.† This is taken from the second stanza of the poem, which consists solely of questions. These questions are evidence of Blake’s fascination with this creature that is individual in thought and action, that isn’t influenced by Urizen and is not affected by the mind forged manacles. It is evident in this poem that Blake was a believer in the power of imagination. He loathed anything that limited or constricted imagination. This is partly from the influence of Jean Jacques Rousseau’s The Social Contract, the opening sentence resembles key words that appear in Blake’s poems: â€Å"Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains.† Here, the key words are â€Å"free† and â€Å"chains†. Chains are mentioned a countless number of times in Blake’s poems, most noticeably in The Tiger where it says: â€Å"What thy hammer? What thy chain?† A hammer is a weapon that shapes (resembling how the church/monarchy shaped society) and a chain is a weapon that restricts and Blake obviously felt that people were being oppressed. As well as having respect for individual and instinctive creatures like the tiger, Blake was also very fond of children. Many of his poems are based on children with a particular emphasis on childhood memories, for example: The Chimney Sweeper and The Nurses Song. Both of these poems appear in two parts, each with one in Songs of Innocence and the other in Songs of Experience. This emphasises the value of individual experience. If we look at The Nurses Song (Innocence), it is clearly portraying a feeling of joy and optimism; this is evident where it says: â€Å"When the voices of children are heard on the green And laughing is heard on the hill.† Here, the words: â€Å"voices† and â€Å"laughing† tell us that children have a voice and are allowed to have a voice, and be expressive. Also, the emphasis on the surrounding environment makes the setting very idyllist (like that of fairy tale). The key concept to this poem is authority. In this poem the nurse is benevolent and lenient. However, in the NUSRSES song (experience), the key figure (the nurse) becomes jealous and self-centred, this is portrayed where it says: † The days of my youth rise fresh in my mind, My face turns green and pale.† Now the nurse has envy in her soul, she wants to be like a child again because experience has made her so cynical. Here, there are two important points, one is experience, Blake is showing us how people change with experience, after being constrained and oppressed people became self – centred and envious like the nurse. The other factor is childhood, he is emphasising the sacredness and vitality of that part of life. As this is the only time when we can be completely frank and voice our thoughts without hesitation and its accepted. By analysing Blake’s poetry and imagery it is clear to see that he can be considered a romantic poet. It is clear to see in The Tiger that he believes in the power of imagination and this is also evident in all his work. He emphasises on the value of experience a great amount and this is most obviously shown by the composition of Songs of Experience. All his work shows a subjective point of view, which is expressed through the intensity of the language he uses. He has linked together man and nature (most noticeably) in The Sick Rose and The Clod and the Pebble. All his work reflects his state of mind, he is conveying his point of view through his literature and art forms, and this makes him a romantic poet. How to cite Can Blake Be Considered To Be a Romantic Poet, Papers

Pest Analysis of Textile Industry free essay sample

It also shows how a government can influence education and health and how it will affect the infrastructure of a country. Economic  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ this refers to how exchange rates, inflation rates, interest rates and economic growth will impact on a business and how it can grow, develop and make various decisions. For example if a business exports goods these operations can be greatly affected by exchange rates and these are factors that need to be included in a business’s strategic management plan if they are to succeed. Social  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ these factors refer to how a society behaviors culturally, how the population rate will grow, how health-conscious people in a country are, how its range is distributed in a country and the various attitudes that people have towards their careers. When social trends change it can greatly affect the need for a business’s products or services. Similarly if a society has an older population the cost of labor will increase and a business will need to change their management strategies in order to cope with these changes. Technological  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ this refers to how technology can change and looks at automation, Ramp;D activity and technological incentives that are available. Technology can also have a great impact on efficient production levels and influence decisions on outsourcing. In addition to this there are some changes in technology that can affect the costs that a business needs to meet and can improve the quality of a product or service that a business offers. Textile Industry in India: The textile industry is mainly a labor intensive industry as it provides livelihood to the huge population, mainly consists of unskilled workers, and thus plays a pivotal role in the development of any economy. As this particular industry also comes under the basic necessities of human beings, it impacts a lot to the society as a whole. There has been increase in demand of textile products in last few decades globally, mainly due to rapidly changing social and economic structure of the countries worldwide. In past few years, especially after the removal the trade related tariffs and non tariff barriers in 2005, Asian countries such as India, China, Hongkong and Japan have emerged as major players in this particular industry, Indian textile industry contributes about 14% to industrial production, 4% to the countrys gross domestic product (GDP) and 16. 63% to export earnings. Nearly 40% of the textiles produced in the country is exported and the textiles sector is the biggest employment generator after agriculture. The sector is expected to generate 12 million new jobs by 2012. The sector targets US$ 6 billion foreign direct investment (FDI) by 2015 to be invested in green field units in textiles machinery, fabric and garment manufacturing, as well as technical textiles. India has made inroads into the markets of its key competitors which include Asian countries such as Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Vietnam and Cambodia. The Indian textile and apparel industry is taking a new course by entering the Chinese market. Most of the top global apparel retailers, such as JC Penny, Nautica, Docker and Target, have their sourcing network in India. In this manner, industry should be able to consider political and legal aspects so as to show that they value the policies and regulations of the government in any of the business operations. Tax policy Employment laws Political stability Environmental regulations Trade and tariff restrictions †¢ Economic Aspects: It is important that apparel must also give enough attention to its economic stability. The economic goal of a certain industry is like an axis in which other objectives or goals are revolving. The economic factor involves the context in which an industry belongs, i. e. he configuration of the competition in which a company operates the active demand of the products, general economic condition of the nation or region, conditions in relation with other industries, and the situation of the resource markets. Economic stability Economic growth Interest rates Inflation rates Exchange rates †¢ Socio-cultural Sector: Society and culture is an important factor t hat must be given emphasis by any business, specifically those who are operating in the global arena. It is important that the company must operate in compliance with the social systems in order to gain good reputation and effective public image. On the other hand, cultural aspects is equally essential, in order to understand the various needs of different individuals that belongs to different cultures. Population growth rate Age distribution Career attitudes Consumer behavior Religion and culture itself †¢ Technological Aspects The complexities of achieving business success through increased efficiency, effectiveness and competitiveness, combined with innovative applications of modern technology, has heightened the awareness of both technology and business managers towards more strategically oriented approaches for planning and management of any industry. Hence, it is important that industry must be able to give consideration to the technological aspects. Distribution and communication channels Technology incentives Automation Rate of technological change Environmental and ecological aspect Barriers to entry Production level Outsourcing decisions Conclusion: Political stability. Govt. should apply sustainable policies for the beneficial of the Industry. Government Initiatives: Government has taken the following initiatives to uplift the Textile Segment:      1. The Government has announced the release of a subsidy of US$ 533. 87 million for the textile industry under the Technology Up-gradation Fund scheme (TUFs). 2. The government extends 10% capital subsidy and 5% interest subsidy on installation of machineries and for processing machinery under the TUFS. 3. A 41-member Working Group has also been announced to be set up with a National Fiber Policy, to ensure self-sufficiency in fiber consumption and export requirements in India. Economic situation: The economic condition of world can also affect the industry as increasing inflation rate make the cost of production high and thus reduce the profit margin of the industry. Social situation: The change in the lifestyle of the people affects the growing demand of the apparels. The change in the lifestyle and needs in different demographics also affect the demand of the customers. Technological factor: Technological advancement in all the sectors of the country has changed the entire socio-economic environment. Especially in the textile sector there is a lot of technological development.

THE LIFE AND WORKS OF JAMES WELDON JOHNSON Essays

THE LIFE AND WORKS OF JAMES WELDON JOHNSON James Weldon Johnson was a writer, diplomat, professor, and editor,who also described himself as a man of letters and a civil rights leader. Even though, he is no longer living, James Weldon Johnson has left much abouthis contributions to African American literature. Johnson was born June 17,1871 in Jacksonville, Florida to James and Helen Louise (Dallied) Johnson. Johnson's father, James Johnson, was born a freeman and was of mixed ancestry. He was a headwaiter in St. James Hotel. Mr. Johnson taughthis son how to speak Spanish as a young boy. Johnson's mother, Helen Johnson, was born a free woman in the West Indies. Mrs. Helen was awoman of French and Black ancestry. She was the first black American to teach in the state of Florida. Mrs. Helen also taught her son to play the guitar(Otfinoski 22). Johnson was born the second of three children: John Rosamond, also known as "Rozy," and a sister which died shortly after birth (Logan and Winston, " James Weldon Johnson" 353). He was originally named Johnson "James William Johnson," by his parents, but in 1913, he changed his middle name to Weldon (Kranz, "James Weldon Johnson" 78). Sept 1 Johnson was a well-educated man of his time. During his first few years of school he attended, Stanton, which offered blacks an education up to the eight grade. Stanton was one of the best black schools in Johnson's hometown. He graduated from Stanton at the age of 16 and went on to attend a secondary school and college at Atlanta University. Johnson attended Atlanta University in Georgia because there were no school's beyond grammar school for blacks in Jacksonville, Florida and the university ran a special high school program for blacks (23,28). Johnson furthered his education at the university believing that it would educate him more in his interest of black people (Adams 155). In 1894, Johnson graduated with honors from Atlanta University receiving his bachelor's degree. He also gave the graduation speech (Kanzs 77-79). During Johnson's lifetime he had many careers helping others and writing. Johnson was a poet, songwriter, editor, civil rights leader, lawyer, educator, and diplomat (Metzger et. al. 303). Russell L. Adams, author of Great Negroes Past and Present, stated, "Johnson had a talent for persuading people of differing ideological agendas to work together for a common goal. . . " (Adams 77-79). Sept 2 Paying his own way through school, Johnson worked in a lathe factory during college and in the summer at a rural school teaching in Georgia, which paid a nickel per student, to help pay his way through college (Otfinoski 23). When Johnson graduated from Atlanta University in 1894, he turned down a medical scholarship at Harvard to accept a job as principal at the All- Black Stanton school in Jacksonville, Florida. While principal at Stanton, Johnson visited local white schools to compare the levels of education being taught because he felt that all black children in his hometown should have the same opportunity of being taught the same levels of education. So, in doing that he started secretly teaching freshman classes without the supervisor's permission. After Johnson told his supervisor about teaching freshman classes, he was so impressed that he decided to expand Stanton to a four-year high school for blacks (23). By 1901 Johnson was financially and mentally secure enough from his song royalties he decided it was time to resign as principal in Jacksonville and devote all of his time to writing. So, he moved to New York City with his brother, Rosamond. While in New York City Johnson met a young person by the name of Grace Nail, the daughter of a real estate broker, at a dance (Tolbert- Sept 3 Rouchaleau 55). On February 3, 1910, Grace Nail became the wife of James Weldon Johnson. Also while living in New York, he studied drama and literature at Columbia University and graduated in 1905 (Otfinoski 25). Johnson's mother encouragement in reading, drawing, and listening to music really paid off (Metzger et. Al. 304). He started writing in a black dialect, influenced by Paul Dunbar, and standard english on racial issues that he was witnessing around him (Kranz 78). Johnson had many of his poems published in the Century and the Independent magazines. Johnson's first poem, Since You Went Away, was published in the Century magazine and set to music by his brother to become a popular song. Johnson and his brother also wrote the song, Lift Every Voice and Sing, to celebrate Lincoln's birthday,

buy custom Iranian Revolution essay

buy custom Iranian Revolution essay In Iran, Khomeinis aim was to take the political power. He strongly believed in the establishment of Allahs Government, which is founded on the principle that the concept of sovereignty finds its residence in Allah, and not on the people. He strongly believed that the sovereignty is exercised by Rahbar Imam on behalf of Allah. In addition, he had the goal of disabling, killing or imprisoning all rival political opponents or potential leaders who might threaten his political ambitions. In doing this, he would make use of imprisonment, selecting repression, executions or torture to disable and cripple any opposing groups. Moreover, he would concentrate power, prestige and authority as objects of emulation. In the Islamic World, Khomeini had a goal of creating, supporting, and encouraging Islamic military movements and groups in the entire Islamic World. He wanted also to engage in the exportation of Shia Islamist Revolution into other designated Islamic countries such as Iraq, Yemen, Afghanistan, Bahrain, Azerbaijan, and Lebanon among others. Besides, he had an aim of increasing political contacts as well as economic ties with other developing nations with the view of converting them into Shia Islam as well as making them join Shia Imamate. In the entire world, Khomeini had a goal of waging Planetary Jihad so as to enable him conquer, and probably subdue the remaining Infidel nations with the aim of bringing them under the rule and control of Shia Islamist. His major aim was to conquer and rule the world on behalf of Allah till the return of Imam Mahdi, who was believed to have hidden from the people. How did his anti-imperialist stance differ from Nasser's? It is very interesting to note that Khomeinis stance on anti-imperialism was more of a self-serving entity than a principled one witnessed with Nasser. He was strongly devoted to fighting the penetration of the western imperialism without necessary seeking support from other countries. In addition, he led strong Islamic force that were against the secular nationalism as well as the left. He fought the dictators who came to rule and influence the governing system of Iran with impunity. This rebellion was against both the economic and political systems that were linked with the imperialism. However, Nassers anti-imperialist stance was quite different since his ideology was not as powerful as that of Khomeini. In fact, Nassers ideological views on imperialism lacked both the religious agenda and the outlook of clerical leadership that were possessed by Khomeini. The latters views were so powerful that the concept swept aside the entire leftist arguments. Besides, Khomeinis view on the anti-imperialist revolution was very appealing due to its nationalist facets that were assimilated with little resistance from the Iranian people. Consider Marjane Satrapi's graphic novel. Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood. How does Satrapi remember and characterize the revolution? Satrapi uses both images and texts to remember and characterize the revolution. She argued that as a child she was not meant to have some political awareness since the dominant political ideology does not permit children due to their perceived innocence. The childhood narrator provides some unique insights concerning the events, which dominated the Iranian revolution. In her literary analysis, Satrapi argued that characters such Marji and Mehrri attended the Black Friday protest that was the bloodiest demonstration at the point of the Iranian revolution owing to their illiteracy and class. Though, they enjoyed this game, it portrayed the bloodiest revolution in the Iranian history. On their return home, Marjis mother slapped them, and this invoked a lot of anger. This echoed violence on top of the revolution witnessed, and sparked a strong reaction to the role of the state and parents authority. In the novel, Marji raised her hand declaiming her mothers dictatorship. This can as well be compared to the Iranian revolution that came as a result of autocracy, which domminated the countrys political landscape. The childs knowledge, as far as Satrapi could remember was often confined to the domestic atmosphere. Arguably, this limits the childs perspective on the national views, and it supports the view that state violence, as the one witnessed in the Iranian revolution, disrupts and reshapes the dynamics of the family. What do we learn from her narrative that we do not see in the more standard academic texts of Cleveland and Fischer? Satrapis narrative is more distinct in its literary analysis than other scholarly texts such those of Cleveland and Fischer since it carefully uses comic to portray the intended messages. The literary style challenges the expectations of the readers with the tactical use of both images and texts. With its simple style and use of child-focused narrative, it facilitates understanding of the literature, yet the text stimulates and forces the readers to analyze the meaning of the narrative. Contrary to other texts, Satrapis narrative comic requires the readers to engage in unpacking the books co-mixed images and words. In understanding the novel, it can be learned that the readers would be required to engage in working hard in order to successfully decode the co-mixed Western and Eastern cultural experiences. It can as well be learned that this piece of literary work composes of empty spaces, which are often referred to as gutters. These gutters in Satrapis literary narrative are very unique in their own kind, and they can be filled with answers that are provided by the narrators dominant ideology. These gutters between the literary texts are instrumental to the readers since they engage the audience in interacting with the narrator as well as interpreting historical, cultural, and political silence. Indeed, it is these spaces within the narrative texts that give new meanings, which help in deflating the over-determined classifications of both the West and the East potentials that can be generated, and this is lacking in the standard academic texts of Cleveland and Fischer. Buy custom Iranian Revolution essay

Women Community Organizers often Engage Popular Struggles on More Than Research Paper - 1

Women Community Organizers often Engage Popular Struggles on More Than One Front - Research Paper Example Communities to not form by themselves, but they are organized so that a strong relationship is built among the participants. This process of building a community and sustaining it throughout the period is called ‘community organizing’ and the process involves not only building a network of individuals, but also the identification of goals and action towards those specific goals. According to Snow, et al (1986), the process of community organization can mean the entire process of organizing individuals, sorting out the relationships, identification of goals and paths, mobilization of individuals and maintenance of a strong network. Until sometime back, community organizing was not a very popular subject with the scholars (Davis, 1981). Therefore, very little is known about the origin of the theories of community management and whether, the theories of social movements can be applied to the way in which community organization works (Stoecker, 1993). To this caveat of liter ature of social movements and community organization, there is also the lack of awareness of what roles that gender discourses play in these communities. Only in the past decades, gender has received a high consideration (Robnett l996), Gender, which can be considered to be a social product of any interaction is also redefined and reconstructed through any social movement or community organization. With any community organization or social movement, the differences and inequalities in terms of gender equations come out more strongly. According to Brandwein (1987), gender has an effect on the way in which problems are identified and choices are made. For example, in a community or social movement, the responsibilities that individuals have outside of the movement are not taken into account (Stoecker, 1992) and when it is taken into account, the way in which women are involved gets restricted. In the New York Tenants movement, the role of women was confined to the most basic of activi ties, where as men were involved in complex issues. (Lawson and Barton, 1980). Therefore, the community organization work contributed by women during social movement gets ignored. Robnett (1996) has challenged the narrations and accounts of movements that have ignores and neglected the role of women activists. Barnett (1993) has challenged the research related to social movement and community management that projects the spokesperson of the movement while ignore the workers who work at grass root, who are often women. Therefore, even though there is a very high involvement of women organizers in the field of community organization, the image and projection always comes out to be that of a male dominated effort. Even though these movements talk about democracy in participation, the actual way in which these movements are projected and carried out do not practice this democracy in terms of gender equations. According to Weil (1986), the strategies get influenced on ‘macho powerà ¢â‚¬â„¢ and zero-sum competitiveness. As a result of this approach, the challenges that women face in participation in these movements is not confined to the direct engagement in these movements and they face challenges at multiple levels. Apart from contributing to these movements, there is lack of visibility, pressure to take up more grass root level or administrative challenges, making sure that other responsibilities such as child care and home management happens smoothly. This study takes a detailed look at the way in which women community organizers engage in popular struggles in more than one front. For any woman who participates in these community organiz

Demonstrative Communication Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Demonstrative Communication Paper - Essay Example The important aspect of demonstrative communications is to listen and respond. Highlighting the importance of listening Kahane (2007) in the book â€Å"Solving Tough Problems: An Open Way of Talking, Listening, and Creating New Realities† argues, â€Å"Listening requires opening ourselves. Our typical patterns of listening in difficult situations are tactical, not relational. We listen what we expect to hear. We sift through other’s views for what we can use to make our own points.† (p. x) Listening and responding are like alternative beats of the same heart. Demonstrative Communication can be Effective and Positive Demonstrative communication involves sending and getting wordless information. Its use is to strengthen verbal communication, though it has the capacity to stand alone and deliver messages of its own. Among all non-verbal communications, facial expressions are most common and important and they account for majority of the communications. Similarly â⠂¬Å"Body Language is very relevant to management and leadership, and to all aspects of work and business where communications can be seen and physically observed among people. Communication includes listening. In terms of observable body language, non-verbal (non-spoken) signals are being exchanged whether these signals are accompanied by spoken words or not.†(Body†¦) Demonstrative communication buttresses verbal communication. To cite an example, the style of the apparel, the disciplined handshake, and the friendly half-smile speaks a lot about the personality and inner world of an individual. When these qualities get assimilated with the verbal presentation, the final outcome is bound to be sterling. In a personal encounter, what you speak is important, but how you speak what you speak is more important. Kevin Hogan (1999) in his book â€Å"Talk Your Way to the Top—Communication Secrets to Change Your Life† argues â€Å"Communication is far more than what you say. It’s how you say â€Å"it.† Communication is about listening and talking and the act of mutually disclosing inner feelings and thoughts to others.†(p.17) Each and every movement of the various parts of the body has something to reveal about the personality of an individual. The tone of a casual â€Å"hello† is like holding the mirror for the goings on in the mind, whether one is an aggressive personality or a calm and collected individual. A person can know what the estimate of others by the non-verbal signals transmitted towards him. Such a reaction can be employed for immediate corrective measures to enable the concerned individual to work for his advantage. For example, you are told the price of a newly launched car model; you take a step back and exclaim â€Å"My God!† The salesman, well-versed in the art communication, is able to gauge your thinking process that probably he is not the one of the possible buyer of a high-priced car and will think of showing him cheaper, alternative models. Possibility of Ineffective and Negative Demonstrative Communication In a given day, one uses different types of demonstrative communications without being actually aware of the fact that one is doing so. They just become part of life. Tattoo marks, the pendant, the favorite color, the perfume, hairstyles, the apparel, are all examples of demonstrative communication. One reveals some part of the personality by such embellishments. They are meant to be the positive

Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Assignment 3 - Essay Example The point of view being taken from the individual is purely through a profit or money-making mindset. Concerns such as data security and data storage are literally thrown out the window, as social media is purely seen as a selling point for companies and individuals alike. Using social media for the affable and leisurely means of communication across transnational borders for family and friends is not in the mindset of the individual in the aforementioned conversation. The notion of making money while you sleep has been discussed widely in internet marketing and social media marketing circles throughout the past decade; so much so that individuals coming into the profession of social media marketing are led to believe that they too can make money while they literally are asleep. Yet there are a number of facets, both moral and ethical, that must be considered when using individual data from social networks for the purpose of advertising through social media networks. How would custom ers react if, whilst completing their online banking, they were to see an advertisement pop-up offering a meal discount at the latest restaurant they went to? Undoubtedly customers could become a bit finicky when they begin to realise their spending habits are not only being tracked, but are actively used to further promote additional products and services. People hate to be sold, yet a pop-up on a customer’s screen may just be the trigger to earn even more money from them. According to data obtained from the World Bank on worldwide internet users (â€Å"Internet users as percentage of population,† 2012) 32.77% of the world’s population is now using the internet. All people of the aforementioned percentage would be interacting with some form of social media, whether it is Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, Google, Yahoo, and so on. The potential of advertising through such mediums in an effective and visually aesthetic way is unfathomable. College dropouts are turning into overnight internet multimillionaires as they are beginning to understand the power of social media marketing. The golden years of elderly experienced working hard for one’s money by working 10, 12, 14 or even 16 hours per day has been replaced with young moguls, who with a keyboard, a mouse and internet access have the capabilities to begin running their own online business from the comfort of their own home with no prior qualifications or experience required. Evans (2010) states individuals are able to develop the use of social media marketing more than just by selling and promoting: it is through the use of effective â€Å"dream-like† visualisation from the business owner to the prospective buyer which will entice them to purchase a particular product. Today, entrepreneurs have taken quickly towards information selling and using social media as a form of exponentially increasing their brand awareness. Where previously, word of mouth was predominantly seen as a b usiness’ driver in future sales, today it is simply the click of a â€Å"Like† button on Facebook, or a photo or instant â€Å"tweet† to friends on Twitter which will determine the success and viability of a company. Business owners will also need to embrace social media marketing and use it to its fullest potential. A number of traditional offline businesses such as postal services are starting to move towards gearing a greater portion of their business activities towards the online arena.

What Are The Advantages Of Internal Promotion Commerce Essay

What Are The Advantages Of Internal Promotion Commerce Essay Internal promotion is a strategic management idea accepted widely. And it is already utilized by many companies in the world . Comparing with external recruitment, internal promotion has some advantages in companys growth stage especially. It is more economic and essential and is conducive to keep companies developing orderly. In this essay, I will discuss the reasons why internal promotion is superior by analyzing and comparing Microsoft , Sodexo company, General Electric and some other international companies in their development. And I will conclude that internal promotion should be widely spread in companies in their initial stages to make them grow well. We believe that internal promotion is also a good way to build a sense of loyalty, create incentives for employees innovation at work and more easily to find a good person for the new job vacancy. Therefore, our tradition of internal promotions can guarantee anyone who joins in Sodexo a bright future of constant career development. (Sodexo concept)When candidates read these sentences, I am sure that they will have confidence in this company and the employees who already work in this company also like to share what they have known and do their work with passion. When a company was settled, it is not mature because many systems, culture and even the goal have not been confirmed. What drives the workers to devote themselves to the unsure future is their motivation and passion. They even consist the history of a company. During this stage, to develop it, HR need to pay more attention on initial employees and give them the priority to be promoted. As the employees recognize their achievement is always concerned and the responsibility is great at this stage. They can also take part in the growth of company and get the advancement opportunity. (Michael Adam)What mentioned all can motivate an employee Microsoft adopted the internal promotion strategy at the beginning and the result proved to be successful. When Bill Gates started Microsoft, he already had the concept that his employees are his most valuable asset, and he gave the conclusion that without them, Microsoft would become negligible. There is a strategy in Microsoft called n minus 1 which shows that the number of employed people is less than the position need-then all employees have the chance to be promoted. When Microsoft expanded later, it was nearly all early employees being promoted. And to encourage them and keep them, they even got the stock options as reward. They all play an important part in the development of later. The key to supporting the motivation of your employee is understanding what motivates each of them.( McNamara). There is a number of excellent people working for Microsoft. What these workers need is to achieve thier self-actualization As Microsoft give great opportunities, workers are all willing to work hard to make company better. Under these strategies, when Microsoft stepped into the next stage and expand itself, it already owed its own systems, culture and the clear goal. From 2009 to 2010, it is about 11.5% management positions in Sodexo company are filled through internal promotion. And it is over 79% employees believe that Sodexo provides them an opportunity to learn and develop. (Sodexo China figure) An extreme example of GE (General Electric), it is nearly 80% of the companys senior positions generated by the internal promotion. The leaders in GE spent almost all their career. Our principle is to tap internal talent, human resources manager of GE (William Conaty). Unless forced to, we do not want to rely on outsiders. He said. Many international enterprises in Europe have formed the internal selection system in their early stage. From cultivating employees and appointment of employing strategies to mechanisms, these enterprises have a mature procedures For example, General Electric, Motorola, Procter Gamble, Ford Motor Company, Boeing, 3M Company and other famous companies, in their operating time adding to 1700 years, only four CEOs hired from the outside, and only two companies before. Good to great (Jim .Collins ,2009) says that celebrity who is brought in from outside the company as a new leader, often lead a negative effect on the company. Among 11 international companies, there are 10 companies CEO appointed from the companys internal promotion. According to a survey to more than 200 foreign investments in China from people.com, when a company faces a situation that there an empty position turns up, they prefer internal promotion than external, and the original department has the priority. It shows that 67% companies adopt internal promotions on management position , and 2% will recruit from labor marketing, and 1% will be appointed by the government.55% companies adopt internal promotion on skill positions, 45% of them will search new employees from labor marketing.(people.com) When a vacancy occurs in the enterprise positions, the modern human resource managements common practice is internal-promotion -oriented, especially in small companies at their initial stage. II: Comparison of internal promotion and external recruitment advantages disadvantages Internal promotion Improving the promoted employees morale Judging the staffs capacity more accurately Saving costs in some areas (time/money recruiting /training) Mobilizing employees working enthusiasm Contributing to the continuous improvement Reinforcing a companys internal career ladder Retaining leaving staff Reducing induction training period Reducing the risk of selecting an inappropriate candidate Inbreeding(narrowing the view of the enterprise) Reducing morale of un-promoted employee Political intrigue Demanding a systematic managing and training plan External recruitment Fresh blood broadening companys horizons Cheap and fast in professionals training A small group of political supporters having not been formed A form of advertising Improving the skills in judging external employees Incurring spies Not recruiting suitable candidates Impacting the morale of internal un-selected candidates Longer adjustment period need by new employees Not fitting with new companys culture (Strategic Approach to Human Resource Management Page153-165 author ¼Ã… ¡Tapomoy Deb) III: Analysis It is said that people who join in a company at its initial stage promote the company excellent. While people who join it later depend on the companys excellence.( Jamie Zawinski,2010) . Internal promotion belongs to a companys incentive system, and it is a basic system to make a company attractive and influential. There are many different theories about the internal promotion. Race theory (Lazear and Rosen, 1981), or career models in the organization(Gibbons and Waldman, 1999). These various models provide various explanitations of internal promotion (Greenwald, 1979; Chen, 1996; Fairburn and Malcomson, 2001) and its consequences (Prendergrast, 1993). To brief, if you want to encourage your employees ,what you need do firstly is to make them escape from problems which bother them by company and treat all employees equal. When you make this true, it means the company offer its employees chance to make achievements and grow. Co-ordination between the employee and the organization is important. Project staff working more effectively, their overall goals and team goals rather than individual goals (Christopher Brown) reported by a recent study in the Journal of Applied Psychology. Maslows hierarchy of needs can also explain this question. Self-realization is a top level of self-gratification.( Maslow ,1943) Provide the opportunity to grow, be creative and get the training challenging task and push forward (Daft 530).is regarded as an effective method. Just as what has mentioned above in the table, the HRM take the responsibility to shape a companys organizational culture, the core concept , a completed system etc. Especially in small companies, the number of employees is limited, and the bonds between workers are strong. According to Dunbars number theory(Dunbar,1992) , if a departments worker number under a certain level(150-250), the organizational culture just begins to shape. Everyone personality and group practice play an important role in the operation. The leader in shaping corporate culture is vital, which means if this company promote a new leader, it is easy for the entire companies shift the attention away from its original growth direction which may still operate potentially. Under this reason, the internal promotion is necessary in small companies.( Bidwell, 2011,ibid) That promoting internal middle managers or high managers not only take advantage of their talent ,also can encourage other root managers and employees competitive. Because this company illustrate its attitude to its workers that it provides great tunnels for them making progress. If a manager who was selected as a sub-promoting member, it may launch that this persons work style, communication style and his attitude is accepted or committed by people. These will help this sub-leader lead the team work effectively and united. Reward system gives the information of a companys value to judge the employees (Robbins, Bergman Stagg 84).A company can use many ways to motivate its employees to work. Satisfaction and growth in a company are two important factors. (Frederick Herzberg ,1959).The internal promotion is just a suitable method to meet employees need. It is worth noting that internal promotion is not only chosen as an inciting way in management position, but also in skill management. Training technical staff, companies need to consume a certain amount of human and financial capitals. If the staff control sophisticated technology, they can make amount of benefits for a company. But if the company failed to attract employees to continue to work effectively and stay in the enterprise, then it is not only the effectiveness of the companys loss, but also provides an opportunity for potential competitors. Due to the small size of the company, organizational productivity is influenced by every employee in it. It has been improved that entrepreneurs are unwilling to give up control, because they believe that standardized management enterprise beyond their abilities (McMahon and Murphy, 1999). IV: How to adopt internal promotion effectively (HR WORLD,2011,ibid) Risk To a small company, the way to select and appoint an middle or high manager should be base on its real surroundings. Even though the human resource department can not guarantee to make a right choice, considering the disadvantages both internal promotion and external recruitment is necessary. Minimizing the risk should take into concern. The risk is the uncertainty of future expectations. Comparing internal and external way, there are three aspects that external way higher than internal way. First, an outside manager can only prove how was successful in the past work, but can not prove how suitable himself or herself to this work. Second, in a small company, its organization culture is in shape, a new leader outside may not adjust to its culture or want to bring other companies culture in. It is another unknown thing. Third, if the human resource department appoint an unsuitable manager, it is not just about a waste of a position. The whole team will face an uncertain loss. Even the new manager can adopt to the new environment well. The adopting time is uncontrolled. Obviously, the external recruitment takes risk, meanwhile we can not avoid the risk of internal promotion. A company knows its employee better than outside, but this employee still will face a new occupation when get promoted. At the same time, because of many politic issues, there may lead to some contradictions among different departments. Cost Cost is a significant issue to take into accounting. It seems that choosing a worker from original department or company is the economical way. Because the company does not waste too much money or time in hiring a manager. Is it true? To realize this internal promotion system, another system named training system should be operated. When a company faces a need of manager, this system can supply a fixed person in time. Building such a perfect system requires much cost before. External recruitment demonstrates its superiority. However , if a company can not build a training system when it was settled, it can not supply the growth space for employees, which means employees who want to pursue their progress must leave this company sooner or later. What will cost is beyond the cost of training system. Income Despite the cost and risk , as a company, it should care about income. No matter internal or external way , if the new manager can make profits for the company , and make the whole manager level balance, both of them can be considered. V: Conclusion We can not conclude that internal promotion is better than external recruitment free-minded. The conclusion need depend on the industry and maturity of a company, as well as specific occupation. A small company has its own characteristics. It is stepping in a developing road. It is too frangible to bear risk. If someone do not have any experience in a small company , it is really hard for this person integrate into a small company easily. And it may make some troubles for a small companys operation based on some experiences in the big one. The new manager also need more patience. Whoever works in a developing company as a manager all under pressure. With the help of training system , an employee who has full motivation for their company and also made some achievements, understanding their organization culture in deep and having potential to be a leader can become a new manager. There is no doubt that , this type of internal employee is stronger than external candidates.

The Influence of Memories on Selfhood Essay -- Memory Psychology

Memories generate a breakdown of an individual’s selfhood. In addition, memories embody unmistakable repercussions on the self. In the book Mind readings an Anthology for Writers by Gary Colombo, there are several essays that reveal how memories evoke individuals to doubt their ideas of selfhood. â€Å"The Inheritance of Tools† by Scott Russell Sanders, Sanders writes concerning his father’s passing and the strategies that he implements to survive his grief. â€Å"The Brown Wasps† by Loren Eiseley, Eiseley demonstrates why individuals conjure up memories in their imagination, his only reliable guide of happiness. Individuals hold fast to memories that take a lifetime to fabricate. â€Å"The Self and Society: Changes, Problems, and Opportunities† by Roy F. Baumeister makes use of many labels to justify selfhood. Baumeister examines the history of selfhood. The essays by Sanders, Eiseley, and Baumeister illustrate that situations shape unpredictable sets of memories that promote anxiety, and characterizes the selfhood. Memories and individual’s selfhood connect the past and present bringing about a paradox inspiring individuals to feel sane or manic. Frequently memories are simply figments of the imagination. In addition, in life, individuals have conflicts of his or her â€Å"inner self† resulting in a collision of the selfhood. Circumstances activate automatic sets of memories amplifying anxiety that distinguishes the selfhood. Sanders’ while grieving, his father’s death, instigates a flood of memories he must handle. Sanders while in the midst of building a wall in his basement hears the news about his father. Sanders recalls hitting his thumb and cursing at the hammer as if it deliberately smashed his thumb. The significance of the hammer and th... ...e, individuals battle their â€Å"inner self†. Memories generate a divide in an individual’s selfhood. Furthermore, memories leave strong impressions on the self. Memories cause individuals to experience reservation of their judgment. These conflicts are life changing or devastating to an individual’s selfhood. Works Cited Baumeister, Roy F. "The Self and Society: Changes, Problems, and Opportunities." Mind Readings an Anthology for Writers. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2002. 320-36. Print. Colombo, Gary. Mind Readings: an Anthology for Writers. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2002. Print. Eiseley, Loren. "The Brown Wasp." Mind Readings an Anthology for Writers. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2002. 150-57. Print. Sanders, Scott R. "The Inheritance of Tools†. Mind Readings: an Anthology for Writers. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2002. 142-49. Print.